Order XLVI: Reference

Code of Civil Procedure • First Schedule Official Statutory Text & Practice Guide

Statutory Civil Practice
Mandatory Procedure
Competent Civil Court
First Schedule

Legal Commentary & Landmark Judgments: Order 46

Order XLVI regulates reference to the High Court by subordinate civil courts on questions of law or usage having the force of law arising in non-appealable suits.

  • Reference on Question of Law [R. 1]: Where in a suit or appeal in which the decree is not subject to an appeal, any question of law or usage having the force of law arises, on which the court entertaining reasonable doubt, the court may draw up a statement of the facts of the case and the point on which doubt is entertained, and refer such statement for the decision of the High Court.
  • Contingent Decree Permitted [R. 2]: Court may pass a decree or order contingent upon the decision of the High Court on the point referred.
  • Binding High Court Opinion [R. 3]: The High Court hears the reference and transmits its decision to the referring court, which disposes of the suit in conformity therewith.
Key Landmark Precedents:
  • Salem Advocate Bar Association (I) v. Union of India, (2003) 1 SCC 49: The Supreme Court noted that Order 46 provides a vital consultative channel enabling lower courts to resolve difficult legal questions in non-appealable proceedings.
  • Kiran Singh v. Chaman Paswan, AIR 1954 SC 340: Affirmed the binding nature of High Court reference answers under Order 46.
Courtroom Practice & Strategic Litigation Guidance:

In small cause or non-appealable rent proceedings where a conflicting High Court ruling creates genuine doubt on a pure question of law, request the trial judge to state a reference to the High Court under Order 46 Rule 1.