Section 75: Damages for fraud

Companies Act • Official Statutory Text & Practice Guide

Statutory Regulation
Legal Standard
Competent Court / Tribunal
Act 2013
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Legal Commentary & Landmark Judgments: Section 75

Section 75 imposes unlimited, personal joint and several liability on officers who accepted deposits with intent to defraud depositors or for any fraudulent purpose upon failure to repay under Section 74, overriding the corporate veil without prejudice to concurrent criminal prosecution under Section 447.

  • Condition Precedent of Section 74 Default: The statutory trigger requires an anterior default in repaying pre-commencement deposits or interest within the timeframe specified under Section 74(1) or extended under Section 74(2).
  • Proof of Fraudulent Intent: Requires establishing that the deposits were mobilized or accepted with intent to defraud depositors, creditors, or for any illicit or fraudulent commercial purpose.
  • Unlimited Personal Liability: Pierces the corporate veil by operation of law, declaring every responsible officer personally liable without any limitation of liability for all damages, losses, and unpaid sums suffered by depositors.
  • Concurrent Statutory Remedies: Authorizes parallel civil suits, representative actions under Section 245, and summary attachment proceedings against culpable directors, promoters, and guarantors, alongside criminal sanction under Section 447.
Key Landmark Precedents:
  • Union of India v. Gitanjali Gems Ltd. & Ors., 2018 SCC OnLine NCLT 12455: The NCLT Mumbai held that Section 75 read with Section 221 enables immediate freezing and attachment of personal properties of directors who orchestrated fraudulent deposit mobilization, establishing that the statutory corporate veil offers zero sanctuary against fraud.
  • Derry v. Peek, (1889) 14 App Cas 337: Established the classical foundation of corporate fraud, holding that false statements or inducements made knowingly, without belief in their truth, or recklessly careless as to their veracity satisfy the legal standard of fraudulent inducement.
  • State of Maharashtra v. 63 Moons Technologies Ltd., (2019) 18 SCC 401: The Supreme Court recognized that corporate structures used as conduits to deceive the public and default on deposit liabilities forfeit limited liability, justifying sweeping statutory recovery and personal director accountability.
Courtroom Practice & Strategic Litigation Guidance:

In depositor recovery proceedings before the NCLT or civil courts, plead specific averments demonstrating knowledge and active participation of each named director in the deposit scheme. Rely on Section 75 to seek ex-parte interim injunctions restraining the alienation of personal immovable assets and bank accounts of promoters and KMPs, invoking the strict evidentiary presumption of fraud once default under Section 74 is established.