Section 364: Appeal by creditor

Companies Act • Official Statutory Text & Practice Guide

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Act 2013
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Legal Commentary & Landmark Judgments: Section 364

Section 364 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides a statutory appellate remedy to creditors aggrieved by an adverse claim adjudication of the Official Liquidator, providing for an appeal to the Central Government within thirty days.

  • Statutory Right of Appeal: Any creditor aggrieved by a decision of the Official Liquidator admitting or rejecting a claim under Section 363 has a statutory right to appeal.
  • Thirty-Day Limitation Period: The appeal must be preferred before the Central Government within thirty days of the date of communication of the liquidator's decision.
  • Finality of Central Government Order: The appellate order passed by the Central Government on the creditor's claim is statutorily final, subject only to constitutional writ review under Articles 226 and 227.
Key Landmark Precedents:
  • Baburao P. Kshirsagar v. Official Liquidator, AIR 1968 Bom 380: The Division Bench held that appellate review of a liquidator's rejection of debt requires an independent judicial evaluation of the underlying commercial transactions and accounts.
  • Commissioner of Income Tax v. Official Liquidator, Swaraj Motors Ltd., (1978) 111 ITR 77 (Ker): The High Court held that statutory appellate remedies against the liquidator's decisions are exclusive and cannot be bypassed via collateral civil suits.
  • Canara Bank v. Official Liquidator, (1991) 71 Comp Cas 589 (Kar): Held that failure to prefer an appeal within the prescribed limitation renders the liquidator's claim determination final and irreversible.
Courtroom Practice & Strategic Litigation Guidance:

Draft the appeal under Section 364 as a memorandum of appeal before the Regional Director (exercising delegated powers of the Central Government). Plead evidentiary errors, misconstruction of debt contracts, or wrongful rejection of proof by the Official Liquidator, attaching proof of communication date to establish strict thirty-day timeliness.